SPring-8, the large synchrotron radiation facility

Release Date

16 Aug, 2022

August 16, 2022
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)
National Institute of Polar Research
Institute for Molecular Science
KANAGAWA UNIVERSITY
The Open University
Osaka University
Ritsumeikan University
Nagoya University

Key points
１．The mineralogy of the Ryugu particles indicate that they underwent extensive aqueous alteration.
２．The deuterium-rich and ¹⁵N-rich isotopic compositions of fine-grained minerals and organics suggest that the constituents of the Ryugu particles formed in the outer Solar System.
３．Aliphatic carbon-rich organics associated with coarse-grained phyllosilicates were found. Such an association has not been observed in any meteorite study and could be unique to the asteroid Ryugu.
４．The results suggest that coarse-grained phyllosilicates may have served as “cradles” for organics and water, which may subsequently have been transported to the early Earth.

Background
　Earth's materials have experienced continuous modification due to geological processes that have operated throughout its history; as a result, much of the information about its primordial composition has been lost. Primitive asteroids preserve the earliest evidence of how and when our Solar System formed. Fragments from these asteroids are delivered to Earth as meteorites and space scientists have long been studying these materials to decipher the 4.6-billion-years-history of our Solar System. However, there is a problem. During atmospheric entry the chemical composition of meteorites is altered by interaction with the Earth’s atmosphere. Any delays in collecting the samples results in further changes, generally referred to as terrestrial weathering. By collecting samples directly from asteroid Ryugu and delivering them to Earth free from terrestrial contamination, the JAXA Hayabusa2 mission has provided scientists with the opportunity to study contamination-free, primitive samples for the very first time. Therefore, we are able to obtain the freshest chemical characteristics to elucidate the formation history of the early Solar System and the origins of water and the evolution of organics that likely were the building blocks for life on Earth.
　The Hayabusa2 spacecraft was launched by JAXA on December 3, 2014, and arrived at asteroid Ryugu to perform close-proximity spectroscopic observations; samples were successfully collected twice from different locations. The capsule containing samples was recovered on December 6, 2020, in the Woomera Desert, South Australia. A total of approximately 5.4 grams of dark black particles were identified in the capsule. Researchers at the Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center (ESCuC) of JAXA performed the initial description of these particles, the results of which were published in November of 2021 (Yada et al., 2021; Pilorget et al., 2021). Two Phase-2 curation teams and the six Initial Analysis sub-teams began work on the Hayabusa2 samples in June 2021. Beginning in June of 2022, their initial results have started to be published in international, high-impact, scientific journals.

Outcome
　The Phase-2 curation Kochi Team has been working with JAXA curation since 2015 to improve sample storage and transportation, analytical techniques of extraterrestrial materials, and curatorial activities. In mid-June of 2021, eight Ryugu particles (four from chamber A, four from chamber C; particles have a diameter of 1–4 mm), approximately 50 mg in total, were allocated to the Kochi Team. The X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed at the SPring-8 synchrotron radiation facility to assess the three-dimensional shapes and internal structures of individual particles and to determine the regions-of-interests for subsequent analyses. The particles were then transported to domestic and international research institutes without exposure to the Earth’s atmosphere. With the cooperation of the British Embassy in Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan, the samples were safely and quickly transported to the Open University, UK and the Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA.
The bulk elemental abundances and the oxygen isotopic composition of the particles analyzed by the Kochi team are consistent with those reported by Yokoyama et al. (2022, Science) and E. Nakamura et al. (2022, Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Ser. B, Physical and Biological Sciences). We have concluded that asteroid Ryugu is composed of material that is representative of the average elemental abundances of our Solar System. Mineral assemblages in the Ryugu particles are consistent with having formed in the presence of water (Figure 1.), suggesting that ice (water) existed on/within the Ryugu parent body in the past and that the minerals formed as a result of the reaction between water (liquid) and the original minerals.

　Analyses of ultra-thin sections from the Ryugu particles utilizing a nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometer (NanoSIMS, ^*2) revealed that the hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic compositions are enriched in the heavier isotopes compared to that on Earth and in meteorites (Figure 2). The distributions of isotopic compositions of Ryugu show some similarities to those of interplanetary dust particles. The material from which asteroid Ryugu formed originated in the outer Solar System, and while it experienced significant aqueous alteration on its parent asteroid, it has never been significantly heated and so retains its primitive characteristics.

　Correlated analysis utilizing a scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM, ^*3) and an ultra-high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM, ^*4) revealed that aliphatic carbon-rich organics ^[*5] are present in a complex microstructure with coarse-grained phyllosilicates in a Ryugu particle ^[*6] (Figure 3). This is a “first-of-its-kind find” and provides direct evidence of water-mineral-organics interaction on an asteroid. Previous studies have shown that aliphatic carbon-rich organics decompose at temperatures above 30°C (86°F). Thus, the presence of organics containing aliphatic carbon suggests that asteroid Ryugu has not been heated above this temperature. Further studies are currently being conducted to clarify the structures and chemical compositions of the organic matter.

Future outlook
　Coarse-grained phyllosilicates in the Ryugu particles are one potential source of organics and water to the inner Solar System, including the early Earth. The organics in the coarse-grained phyllosilicates are more resistant to decomposition than those in fine-grained phyllosilicates and may have been transported to Earth in their original state. The Ryugu particles, however, have heavier hydrogen isotopic compositions than those found on Earth, indicating that Ryugu-type asteroids may not be the only source of volatiles to the early Earth. In particles from the asteroid Itokawa, silicate minerals that shows a light hydrogen isotopic composition due to solar wind implantation have also been found (Daly et al., 2021). The water on Earth may have formed from mixed components with various hydrogen isotopic compositions. The following hypotheses could be formulated based on the results of the present study:

1. Asteroid Ryugu accreted some components that originated in the outer Solar System and contained abundant water and organics. The asteroid then traveled to the inner Solar System.

2. Organics associated with coarse-grained phyllosilicates may serve as one of the potential sources of water and organics to the Earth. Further analyses of the Ryugu particles and of asteroid Bennu by the OSIRIS-REx Mission of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will allow us to test these hypotheses further.

[Supplemental information]

Paper Information
Title: A pristine record of outer Solar System materials from asteroid Ryugu's returned sample

Authors:
Motoo Ito^1*, Naotaka Tomioka¹, Masayuki Uesugi², Akira Yamaguchi^3,4, Naoki Shirai^5,¥, Takuji Ohigashi^4,6,¥¥, Ming-Chang Liu⁷, Richard C. Greenwood⁸, Makoto Kimura³, Naoya Imae^3,4, Kentaro Uesugi², Aiko Nakato⁹, Kasumi Yogata⁹, Hayato Yuzawa⁶, Yu Kodama^10,$, Akira Tsuchiyama^11,12,13, Masahiro Yasutake², Ross Findlay⁸, Ian A. Franchi⁸, James A. Malley⁸, Kaitlyn A. McCain⁷, Nozomi Matsuda⁷, Kevin D. McKeegan⁷, Kaori Hirahara¹⁴, Akihisa Takeuchi², Shun Sekimoto¹⁵, Ikuya Sakurai¹⁶, Ikuo Okada¹⁶, Yuzuru Karouji¹⁷, Masahiko Arakawa¹⁸, Atsushi Fujii⁹, Masaki Fujimoto⁹, Masahiko Hayakawa⁹, Naoyuki Hirata¹⁸, Naru Hirata¹⁹, Rie Honda^20,$$, Chikatoshi Honda¹⁹, Satoshi Hosoda⁹, Yu-ichi Iijima^†, Hitoshi Ikeda⁹, Masateru Ishiguro²¹, Yoshiaki Ishihara¹⁷, Takahiro Iwata⁹, Kosuke Kawahara⁹, Shota Kikuchi²², Kohei Kitazato¹⁹, Koji Matsumoto²³, Moe Matsuoka⁹, Tatsuhiro Michikami²⁴, Yuya Mimasu⁹, Akira Miura⁹, Osamu Mori⁹, Tomokatsu Morota²⁵, Satoru Nakazawa⁹, Noriyuki Namiki²³, Hirotomo Noda²³, Rina Noguchi²⁶, Naoko Ogawa⁹, Kazunori Ogawa⁹, Tatsuaki Okada⁹, Chisato Okamoto^†, Go Ono⁹, Masanobu Ozaki^4,9, Takanao Saiki⁹, Naoya Sakatani²⁷, Hirotaka Sawada⁹, Hiroki Senshu²², Yuri Shimaki⁹, Kei Shirai⁹, Seiji Sugita²⁵, Yuto Takei⁹, Hiroshi Takeuchi⁹, Satoshi Tanaka⁹, Eri Tatsumi²⁸, Fuyuto Terui²⁹, Ryudo Tsukizaki⁹, Koji Wada²², Manabu Yamada²², Tetsuya Yamada⁹, Yukio Yamamoto⁹, Hajime Yano⁹, Yasuhiro Yokota⁹, Keisuke Yoshihara⁹, Makoto Yoshikawa⁹, Kent Yoshikawa⁹, Ryota Fukai⁹, Shizuho Furuya^9,25, Kentaro Hatakeda¹⁰, Tasuku Hayashi⁹, Yuya Hitomi¹⁰, Kazuya Kumagai¹⁰, Akiko Miyazaki⁹, Masahiro Nishimura⁹, Hiromichi Soejima¹⁰, Ayako Iwamae^10,$$$, Daiki Yamamoto^9,30, Miwa Yoshitake^9,$$$$, Toru Yada⁹, Masanao Abe⁹, Tomohiro Usui⁹, Sei-ichiro Watanabe³¹, and Yuichi Tsuda^4,9

Affiliation:
[1] Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, X-Star, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC), Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
[2] Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
[3] National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa 190-8518, Tokyo, Japan
[4] The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
[5] Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 190-0397, Tokyo, Japan
[6] UVSOR Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
[7] Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, UCLA 595 Charles Young Drive E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
[8] The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
[9] Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
[10] Marine Works Japan, Ltd., Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
[11] Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
[12] CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, People’s republic of China
[13] CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, People’s republic of China
[14] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
[15] Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
[16] Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
[17] JAXA Space Exploration Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
[18] Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
[19] University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
[20] Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
[21] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
[22] Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
[23] National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
[24] Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
[25] The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
[26] Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
[27] Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
[28] Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna; Tenerife, Spain
[29] Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
[30] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
[31] Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan

¥ Current affiliation: Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 221-8686 Japan.
¥¥ Current affiliation: Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
$ Current affiliation: Toyo Corporation
$$ Current affiliation: Center for Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
$$$ Current address: Toyo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8606, Japan.
$$$$$ Current address: Japan Patent Office, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8915, Japan

†Deceased.
*Correspondence to Motoo Ito, motoojamstec.go.jp

Journal: Nature Astronomy
DOI：10.1038/s41550-022-01745-5